Notes for Basileos I MACEDONICOS of Byzantine


from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I

Basil was born to peasant parents in late 811 (or sometime in the 830s in the
estimation of some scholars) at Chariopolis in the Byzantine theme of
Macedonia (an administrative division corresponding to the area of Adrianople
in Thrace).[1][2] The name of his father was Bardas, the name of his
grandfather was Maïktes, his mother was named Pankalo (Παγκαλώ), and
her father was called Leo.[3] His ethnic origin is unknown and has been a
subject of debate.

During Basil's reign, an elaborate genealogy was produced that purported that
his ancestors were not mere peasants, as everyone believed, but descendants of
the Arsacid (Arshakuni) kings of Armenia, and also of Constantine the Great.
The Armenian historians Samuel of Ani and Stephen of Taron record that he
hailed from the village of Thil in Taron.[3] In contrast, Persian writers such
as Hamza al-Isfahani,[4] or al-Tabari, call both Basil and his mother Saqlabi,
an ethnogeographic term that usually denoted the Slavs, but can also be
interpreted as a generic term encompassing the inhabitants of the region
between Constantinople and Bulgaria.[5] Claims have therefore been made for an
Armenian,[6] Slavic,[4][7] or indeed "Armeno-Slavonic"[2] origin for Basil's
father. The name of his mother points to a Greek origin on the maternal
side.[3][8] The general scholarly consensus is that Basil's father was
"probably" of Armenian origin, and settled in Byzantine Thrace.[3] It's worth
noting that his close associates and friends were mostly Armenians and,
besides Greek, he possibly knew how to speak Armenian as well.[9] Norman
Tobias, the author of the only dedicated biography of Basil I in English,
concluded that it is impossible to be certain what the ethnic origins of the
emperor were, though Basil was definitely reliant on the support of Armenians
in prominent positions within the Byzantine Empire.[10]

Basil victorious in a wrestling match against a Bulgarian champion (far left),
from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.
One story asserts that he had spent a part of his childhood in captivity in
Bulgaria, where his family had, allegedly, been carried off as captives of the
Khan Krum (r. 803-814) in 813. Basil lived there until 836, when he and
several others escaped to Byzantine-held territory in Thrace.[1] Basil was
ultimately lucky enough to enter the service of Theophilitzes, a relative of
the Caesar Bardas (the uncle of Emperor Michael III), as a groom. While
serving Theophilitzes, he visited the city of Patras, where he gained the
favour of Danielis, a wealthy woman who took him into her household and
endowed him with a fortune.[11] He also earned the notice of Michael III by
his abilities as a horse tamer and in winning a victory over a Bulgarian
champion in a wrestling match; he soon became the Byzantine Emperor's
companion, confidant, and bodyguard (parakoimomenos).[12] Symeon Magister
describes Basil as "... most outstanding in bodily form and heavy set; his
eyebrows grew together, he had large eyes and a broad chest, and a rather
downcast expression".[13]

The coronation of Basil I as co-emperor, from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript
On Emperor Michael's orders, Basil divorced his wife Maria and married Eudokia
Ingerina, Michael's favourite mistress, in around 865.[11] During an
expedition against the Arabs, Basil convinced Michael III that his uncle
Bardas coveted the Byzantine throne, and subsequently murdered Bardas with
Michael's approval on 21 April 866.[14] Basil then became the leading
personality at court and was invested in the now vacant dignity of kaisar
(Caesar), before being crowned co-emperor on 26 May 866.[14] This promotion
may have included Basil's adoption by Michael III, himself a much younger man.
It was commonly believed that Leo VI, Basil's successor and reputed son, was
really the son of Michael.[11] Although Basil seems to have shared this belief
(and hated Leo), the subsequent promotion of Basil to caesar and then
co-emperor provided the child with a legitimate and Imperial parent and
secured his succession to the Byzantine throne. When Leo was born, Michael III
celebrated the event with public chariot races, whilst he pointedly instructed
Basil not to presume on his new position as junior emperor.[15]

When Michael III started to favour another courtier, Basiliskianos, Basil
decided that his position was being undermined. Michael threatened to invest
Basiliskianos with the Imperial title and this induced Basil to pre-empt
events by organizing the assassination of Michael on the night of 24 September
867.[16][note 1] Michael and Basiliskianos were insensibly drunk following a
banquet at the palace of Anthimos when Basil, with a small group of companions
(including his father Bardas, brother Marinos, and cousin Ayleon),[note 2]
gained entry. The locks to the chamber doors had been tampered with and the
chamberlain had not posted guards; both victims were then put to the
sword.[note 3] On Michael III's death, Basil, as an already acclaimed
co-emperor, automatically became the ruling basileus.[23]
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